indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
pupil; student; schoolchild
traveller; traveler; wayfarer; tourist
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
how; in what way; how about
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
flan (baked tart with sweet or savoury filling in an open-topped pastry case); flan; crème caramel; caramel custard
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)