year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
annual (plant); first-year student
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pure; true; genuine; unmixed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
mediocre; ordinary; commonplace; banal
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
some; any; in any way; of some kind; of some sort
special characteristics; peculiarity; distinctiveness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to find out; to discover; to select; to pick out; to look out (from the inside); to be wide-eyed (in surprise, anger, etc.)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make it a principle to ...; to aim at doing
police officer; policeman; policewoman
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
influenced (by); under an influence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...