indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
having; holding; wear; durability; charge; expense
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
curse; spell; malediction
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...