indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
academic year; school year; year in school; grade in school
head; chief; top student; head of the class; top seat; first desk (in orchestra)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to send; to dispatch; to despatch; to bestow (favour, etc.); to grant (e.g. pardon)
promotion (school, military, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
profound; deep; deep (of a cave, etc.); innermost; interior
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
permission; approval; authorization; to permit; to authorize
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
middle of the night; dead of night
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
self restraint; moderating one's behaviour; penitence; confinement to one's home; house arrest
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
don't worry about it; forget about it
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?