indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
midterm (mid-semester) test or exam
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
uh-huh; mm-hmm; with a moan; with a groan
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
curse; spell; malediction
tradition; legend; folklore
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
dull; slow; stupid; dull-brained
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no