indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
adds force or indicates command
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
stands; bleachers; stand (e.g. newspaper stand); counter (e.g. lunch counter); stand (e.g. inkstand); desk lamp
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
you (plural); all of you; you all
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity