indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ripple; ring on the water; repercussions; Japanese slit drum; instrument made of iron with slits on top; makes a rippling sound
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
time; hour; period; class
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
second (unit of time); arc second
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
myself; yourself; I; me; you
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
hey!; c'mon!; pushy; overbearing; self-assured
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's