indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
such ... as; or some such
pitching; throwing a ball; bowling (in cricket); pitched ball
adds force or indicates command
older brother; elder brother
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
advance notice; previous note; preliminary announcement; trailer (film, TV); preview
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
strike (e.g. in baseball, bowling)
fraud; trickery; hoax; swindle; counterfeit; fake