indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
suffix for familiar person
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance