painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to end; to come to an end; to finish; to complete; to finish doing; to be past its (one's) prime
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
third-year student; third-year pupil
taking an examination (esp. for entrance to a school or university)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in addition to that; furthermore; moreover; by; with
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
Moon; month; moonlight; (a) moon; natural satellite
instead of; replacing; on behalf of
punishment (of children); spanking; smacking; criminal punishment (esp. execution; Edo period)
silence; being silent; quiet; reticence; inaction
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
to come true (of a dream, wish, etc.); to be realized; to be fulfilled; to be granted; to be answered (of a prayer); to be requited (of love)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow (i.e. bending of the body); bowing; reward
suffix for familiar person
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
to cry out in one's sleep (e.g. from having a nightmare); to moan (in anguish) in one's sleep
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal