painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
life; living; I; me; student
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates means of action; cause of effect; by
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
instead of; replacing; on behalf of
punishment; spanking; smacking; chastisement; scolding
silence; being silent; quiet; reticence; inaction
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
suffix for familiar person
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
to have a nightmare; to make a noise during a nightmare
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal