indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
loveable; very likeable; like very much
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have an eye on; to zero in on
girl's feeling; maiden's mind
to trample underfoot; to tread on; to crush with a foot
delicacy; tact; considerateness; sensitivity; thoughtfulness
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
instead of; replacing; on behalf of
punishment; spanking; smacking; chastisement; scolding
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
suffix for familiar person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
student preparing for or taking examinations (usu. entrance exams); test-taker
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
promptly; immediately; quickly; indifferently
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)