indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
suffix for familiar person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
(rock) crystal; high purity quartz
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
this world; this life; world of the living
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed