indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
twilight; sunset; dusk; evening
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
reception (e.g. wedding); banquet; celebration; party
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's