junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
hot water and tea; hot drinks (esp. while entertaining)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
contribution (to a newspaper, magazine, etc.); submission; post (on a blog, social media, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
view count (of a video); total number of views
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...