junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
hot water and tea; hot drinks (esp. while entertaining)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; yoisho! (word shouted by the spectators during a yokozuna's ritual stomps); yoisho (filler word in folk music, etc.); flattery; buttering up (someone)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
contribution (to a newspaper, magazine, etc.); submission; post (on a blog, social media, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
only; merely; nothing but; no more than
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
view count (of a video); number of views
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...