junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
tranquil; calm; quiet; mild (weather); balmy
dad; daddy; papa; sugar daddy
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
renovation (e.g. a house); redecoration; refurbishment; makeover; alteration (e.g. of clothes); re-tailoring
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
principal occupation; main job; professional; an expert; I (of a government official, etc.); me
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
retro; nostalgic; old-fashioned
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
disorderly; messy; absurd; unreasonable; very; extremely
stylish; fashionable; dressing (oneself) up; dressing smartly; fashionable dresser; smartly dressed person
more or less; though not quite satisfactorily; tentatively; for the time being; just in case; once
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lovely; wonderful; charming; enchanting; nice; great
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
ryokan; traditional Japanese inn
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember