indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
suffix for familiar person
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
rock (music); rock; boulder; on the rocks
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
to grant (request, wish); to answer (prayer); to fulfill (conditions); to meet (requirements)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
myself; yourself; I; me; you
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle