indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
eternity; permanence; perpetuity
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
people; citizens; subjects; folk
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
door; gate; opening; title page
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed