indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; the present time; just now; another; more
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
rock (music); rock; boulder; on the rocks
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight