indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
older sister; lass; young lady
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
suffix for familiar person
educational institution; school; academy; campus
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
family; members of a family
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...