indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
high spirits; boastful talk
all creation; all nature; all the universe
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
-itis (indicating an inflammatory disease)
consequence; outcome; result; blame
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
undulation; winding; meandering; swell (of waves); surge; billow
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
company; group; class; troop; rank; file
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
squatting; sitting; breaking down; stopping (e.g. of car engine)
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
living flesh; flesh and blood; physical body of Buddha or a bodhisattva
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to delete; to erase
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to eat; to drink; to receive (e.g. a blow); to be on the receiving end (of something undesirable); to undergo (trouble)
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as