indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
other; another; over; more than; I; me
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
union; alliance; combination; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
treaty; pact; convention; agreement
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
please (give me); please (do for me)