indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
individuality; personality; quirk; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
suffix for familiar person