indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sphere; counter for balls
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
to throw into; to dump in together
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
collecting; accumulating; collection (of art, stamps, insects, etc.); garbage collection; waste collection
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
function; facility; faculty; feature
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
joy; delight; rapture; pleasure; gratification; rejoicing
a great variety of; diversity
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
stimulus; impetus; incentive; encouragement; motivation; provocation
by means of; due to; because of; according to
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to begin a trip; to depart; to embark; to die; to pass away; to depart this life
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
(living) sacrifice; victim; scapegoat
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
to face; to go towards; to head towards
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
flight; desertion; escape
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous