indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
suffix for familiar person
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
please (give me); please (do for me)
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
stimulus; impetus; incentive; encouragement; motivation; provocation
invulnerability; immortality; insensibility to pain
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)