why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
fast (asleep); snoring or grumbling sound
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
4th day of the month; four days
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
joint; knuckle; tune; melody; node (of a plant stem); joint
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
along the road; along the way
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to hide; to keep to oneself
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
processing; dealing with; treatment; disposition; disposal
frantic; frenetic; inevitable death; brinkmate (inevitable checkmate)
snoring; growling (low rumbling sound)
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
to be visible; to be clear; to be evident; to be certain
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
it seems that ...; it appears that ...; is like ...; is similar to ...
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to call (someone) to (the door, phone, etc.); to tell (someone) to come; to call up (on the phone); to invoke (e.g. a subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first