indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
canned food; tinned food; confining someone (e.g. so they can concentrate on work); being stuck in a confined space
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
offer; tender; providing; sponsoring (a TV program)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
how long; how far; how much
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
time; hour; period; class
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
as much as possible; as far as possible; whenever possible; if (at all) possible
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
stoppage; coming to a stop; ceasing (movement, activity, etc.); suspension (of operations); suspension (of payment, licence, etc.); (temporary) prohibition
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
any more; any further; any better; any longer
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
encounter; being confronted with (e.g. difficulty); meeting with (e.g. accident)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal