indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
first lieutenant; lieutenant junior grade
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
command; control; commander
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
myself; yourself; I; me; you
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
Bach (German composer, 1685-1750)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")