indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
officiating priest; presiding priest at a ceremony; religious teacher; highly-ranked priest; guru; instructor (yoga, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
uncleanness; impurity; disgrace; shame; uncleanliness from contact with death, pregnancy, menstruation, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
subordinate; secondary; junior; incidental
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
how; in what way; how about
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more