indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
drawing a tile from the wall; win with a self-drawn tile; winning off a self-drawn tile while completely concealed (meld); winning off a self-drawn tile without having called any tiles
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
war; battle; match; game; competition
rīchi; declaring that one is one tile away from winning while one's hand is completely concealed; being one step away from completing something (winning, losing, game over, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
(stage) appearance; performance; participation (e.g. in a tournament)
Yue (kingdom in ancient China; 6th C-334 BCE); Vietnam
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
(playing) a game of go, shogi or chess, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
tune; tone; vein; mood; condition; state of health
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
waiting; waiting time; wait tile; tile which would complete one's hand
pipe; tube; gun barrel; gun; cannon; well lining
individual match; single game
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...