indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
script; screenplay; scenario
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
right; correct; proper; righteous; just
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
in that way; thus; so; so?
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
reset; fresh start; new beginning
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion