indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
(some) more; even more; longer; further
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
bowstring; string (of a shamisen, etc.); stringed instrument; chord; hypotenuse
vacuum bottle; thermos; jar
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
suffix for familiar person
to break; to snap; to be injured; to wear out; to be worn out; to break; to burst
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
to fish; to angle; to catch; to lure in; to tempt; to attract