end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
nice; good; well-executed
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
thousand years; many years
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
black kite (Milvus migrans)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
free (of restraint, controls, etc.); free (of cost); freelance; one-size
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
passing (a test, examination, etc.); pass (for admission, transport, etc.); ticket; pass (of a ball); (giving something a) pass; skipping (one's turn)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
spare energy, time or money; remaining strength; reserve power; money to spare
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
extension; elongation; prolongation; Enchō era (923.4.11-931.4.26)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
container; receptacle; case; inserting; putting in
to remove; to take off; to drop (e.g. from a team); to remove (from a position); to leave (e.g. one's seat); to go away from
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")