sorry; excuse me; thank you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to approach; to draw near; to gather (in one place); to come together; to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to grow old
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
stir-fry of pork liver and garlic chives
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
to gather; to crowd round; to sponge (off someone); to scrounge; to extort; to take (money) through intimidation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
by myself; in person; by oneself
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?