indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Alice band; horseshoe-shaped hairband made of metal or plastic (often covered with cloth); Katyusha rocket launcher (Soviet)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
victory depends on the turn of fortune; winning and losing are both down to luck
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to lick; to lap; to taste; to experience (esp. a hardship); to look down on (someone); to make fun of
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
wasteful; a waste; too good; more than one deserves; impious; profane
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)