indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to break; to destroy; to wreck; to ruin; to break (a bill, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
how; in what way; how about
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
unit; denomination; credit (in school); in units of (e.g. "in thousands"); in amounts of
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
trouble; bother; annoyance
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
fine weather; fair weather
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to contain; to comprise; to hold in the mouth; to bear in mind; to understand; to express (emotion, etc.)
to be amazed; to be shocked; to be astonished; to be astounded; to be disgusted; to be exasperated
to end; to be finished; to die; to perish; to do utterly; to do completely
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to expose (to the sun, public, danger, etc.); to bleach; to refine; to rinse (vegetables); to soak; to doxx
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)