iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to let dry; to kill (vegetation); to season (lumber)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(period of) a year; during an era
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
bunch of flowers; bouquet
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
in that way; thus; so; so?
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
condominium (usu. mid or high-rise); apartment building; apartment house; block of flats; apartment; flat
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)