indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
becoming a pupil (of); becoming an apprentice
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
café; cafe; coffeehouse; hostess bar (serving western alcoholic beverages; Taisho and Showa period)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
shady; underhanded; questionable
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
disreputable; scandalous; disgraceful
settlement; conclusion; summary
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to mutter; to murmur; to grumble; to tweet (Twitter)
to stand (still) a while; to loiter; to stop
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be too much for one; to find unmanageable; to be beyond one's control; to not know what to do with
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?