indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
by means of; due to; because of; according to
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
adds force or indicates command
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
major; lieutenant commander; wing commander
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party