indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in that way; thus; so; so?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
what's the matter?; what's wrong?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to be needed; to be wanted
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis