indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
exceedingly; extremely; decisively
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
real feeling; actual feeling; to actually feel; to have a real feeling (that ...); to experience personally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
departure; departing (from ...); sending; sent (by ...); engine; counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
output (electrical, signal, etc.)
oscillation; vibration; swing (e.g. of a pendulum)
counter for waves (of a repeated occurrence)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
type; kind; type (of person); (ideal) type; typewriter; typing
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier