indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
kokkuri; divination technique similar to table turning and planchette
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
how; in what way; how about
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
textbook; coursebook; schoolbook
to be truant; to slack off; to play hooky; to skip school; to cut class; to skip out