jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

11

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

6

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

1

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

4

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

3

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

6

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

3

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

2

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

5

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

5

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

1

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

2

to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine

2

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

1

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

1

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

1

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

2

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

2

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

I; me

1

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

1

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

3

was; were

1

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

2

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

1

such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!

1

that; those; the

1

yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's

2

here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...

1

honorific/polite/humble prefix

2

myself; yourself; I; me; you

1

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

1

indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that

1

be; is

1

again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and

2

-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now

1

and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...

2

adds force or indicates command

2

that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?

1

is not; am not; are not

1

indicates question

1

to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?

2

always; all the time; never; usual; regular

1

approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like

1

immediately; right away; at once; instantly

1

case; situation

1

even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...

1