therefore; and so; for that reason; accordingly; consequently; hence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
piece; fragment; one (object)
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
to adhere to; to stick to; to keep close to; to go along with; to get involved with; to be thick with
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to carve; to engrave; to sculpt; to tattoo
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
stamp; sticker (in messaging apps); (large) emoji
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
waste (of money, time, etc.); squandering; frittering away
boy; son; baby boy; young man
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic