indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to carve; to engrave; to sculpt; to tattoo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
offender; criminal; culprit
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
case (e.g. receptacle, condition, event, legal action, letter style, etc.); Computer-Aided Software Engineering; CASE
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
to transcribe; to duplicate; to describe; to film; to picture
to excite; to incite; to stimulate; to arouse; to tempt; to stir up
pencil case; pencil box; writing brush case