tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
magnificent; grand; fair; square; grandly; boldly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how; in what way; how about
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
sly; cunning; sneaky; miserly; mean; stingy
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life