indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Qin dynasty (of China; 221-207 BCE); Ch'in dynasty
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)