indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ending; conclusion; join; union; knot; knotting
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
phoenix (bird of Egyptian mythology); phoenix (any palm tree of genus Phoenix, incl. the date palm)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
to go against; to oppose; to disobey; to defy
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
arm; skill; efforts; ability
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hold back (e.g. emotions); to rein in (e.g. a horse, unruly people); to get the better of; to control; to command
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to feel; to sense; to experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
end; close; finish; termination
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
devil; evil spirit; genie
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade