indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
study; research; investigation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
devil; evil spirit; genie
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
suggestion; proposition; proposal; submission (of a bill); motion; proposal
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
development; exploitation
to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on
wherein; therein; thereinto
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
really; truly; indeed; good grief
unexpected; unforeseen; strange
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
satisfaction; contentment; sufficient; satisfactory; satisfying (an equation)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
hey there; I say; see here
bargain; find; unbelievable good luck; unexpected good fortune
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
feeling; sense; impression
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at