to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
with a feeling of relief; with a sigh of relief; deeply (sigh)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
unable to compete with; not able to make a dent in (e.g. a problem); not able to get a solid hit in (e.g. in a fight); hard to chew
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
(arch.) it is not so; no; never mind
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
time; season; period; phase; stage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be negligent in doing something; to shirk; to be off one's guard
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
sweating easily; profuse sweater
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
honorific/polite/humble prefix
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
I see; that's right; indeed
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
even so; all the same; nevertheless; yes, but ...
very early in the morning; so early in the morning; at this ungodly hour
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on