indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
insincerity; dishonesty; untruthfulness; bad faith
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
least; lowest; worst; awful; horrible; at the very least
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
shift; move; (work) shift; work schedule; gearshift; changing gears
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be stormy or choppy (sea); to go through hard times; to be broke; to be gloomy; to be glum
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning